GLOSSARY ENGLISH

Colonies: All the countries that used to be British colonies.

Napoleon: A French military and political leader who became very powerful during the French Revolution.

Welsh: Language which is spoken in Wales.

Defeat: The state of being beaten in a battle, competition, election, etc...

Wales: Is an independent area belonging to England.

Patting: Something you tap it or hit it lightly, for example, with your fingers.

Bloody foreigner: An expression to say that you don't like people coming from other countries.

Olive skin: Darker colour skin tone.

Zebra crossing: A place in which pedestrians can cross a street and where drivers must stop to let them cross.

Pale: Something that is pale is whitish and not strong or bright in colour.

Sun tanned: Coloured by the sun.

Sniffing: Draw in air through enough to make a sound, or to introduce something inside the nose.

"When in Rome, do as the romans do": "A donde fueres, haz lo que vieres".

The bee gees: A music group from Wales.

Peck: When you take only a small amount of food.

Related: Something that is connected or associated with another thing.

Brochure: A small booklet or pamphlet, often containing promotional material or product information.

Baggage claim: An area in an airport where arriving passengers can collect the luggage that has been carried in the hold of the aircraft.

Camping: A place where tents, huts or other temporary shelters are set up.

Rest stop: Designated paved area beside a main road where cars can stop temporarily.

Mobile homes: A large trailer, fitted with parts for connection to utilities, that can be installed on a relatively permanent site and that is used as a residence.

Recline: To lie back or down.

-V.A.T: Value Added Tax, a tax levied on the difference between the cost of materials an the selling price of a commodity or service.

Luggage: Containers for a traveller's belongings.

Journey: The act of travelling from one place to another.

"Save and sound": "Sano y salvo".

Taking time off from working: Stop working temporarily.

Travel arragement: The things that you do before a journey.

Board: To enter or go aboard in an aircraft, for example.

Boarding  pass: A pass that authorizes a passenger to board on an aircraft.

Hostel: A supervised, cheap lodging place for travellers, especially for young travellers.

Mysterious: Something strange that don't have any explanation.

Haunted: A place, which is frequented or visited by ghosts. 

Dark: Lacking or having very little light.

Spooky: Something scary.

Gloomy: Something partially or totally dark.

Cemetery: A place where the dead are buried, normally near a church.

Shriek: A shrill and piercing cry.

Alley: A narrow street or passageway between or behind city buildings.

Spectre: A visible incorporeal spirit.

Moonlight: The light reflected from the surface of the moon.

Coward: A person that isn't brave.

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

• In Japan make the gesture of a finger to his temple turning means to think (if the finger Is rotated forward) or insanity (if you turn back)
• The colour of mourning is white in the Middle East and many parts of Asia and Africa 
• The Japanese people don't usually look at their eyes, they look more their neck
• To call someone, the Japanese extend their hand Palm down and they move their fingers
• The Arabs do not trust people in hurry, for them means that the other does not want relationship but only money

GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHY (UNIT 10)

Cereals: Grasses grown for the edible components of their grain, such as rice and wheat.

Mortgage: A loan to finance the purchase of private residential or commercial property.

Speculation: Investment in stocks, property of other assets in the hope of gain, but with the risk of loss.

Crop: A cultivated plant to be harvested as food, animal fodder, fuel or for any other economic purpose.

Agricultural landscape: A landscape that has been transformed by people to cultivate crops and/or rear livestock.

Cultural heritage: The things, places and practices that define who we are as individuals, as communities, as nations or cultures.

Domestic tourism: Tourism in which tourists do not leave their own country.

Large-scale tourism: Travel and accommodation offered to large groups at affordable prices by tour operators.

Tour operators: A company that combines tour and travel components to cater for large-scale tourism.

High-speed rail: A type of rail transport involving high-speed trains.

Peak season: The season when travel is most active and rates are highest.

Off-peak season: The season when travel is less active and rates are lower.

Recession: A business cycle contraction; a general slowdown in economic activity.

GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHY (UNIT 9)

Freight: goods or produce transported by ship, aircraft, train, lorry or van.

Capital flows: the money that is moved around the world

Exports: goods or services that are sold outside the country where they are produced.

Imports: goods or services that are brought into a country from abroad for sale.

Balance of trade: the difference between the monetary value of the exports and the imports of a country.

Balance of payments: all monetary transactions between a country and the world

Retail: a type of trade in which businesses sell small quantities of goods directly to consumers.

Wholesale: trade in which buyers purchase large quantities of goods and sell them, in smaller quantities, to other companies.

Trade bloc: a group of countries that join together to form an area with special trade regulations.

Transport network: the connection of road, railway lines, ports or airports that facilitate the transport of goods and/or people.

Market: the meeting of buyers and sellers of goods and services. It can be tangible or abstract and it decides the prices of goods and services

Infrastructure: the basic physical and organizational structures needed for an economy to function.

Trade: the buying and selling of goods to meet the needs of the population.

Bartering: the first way of trading in history

Tourism: a sector dedicated to travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.

Information society: society in which revolutionary advances an IT dominate the economy

Public services: cover basic need of population

Private services: offer personalised services to companies

GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHY (UNIT 8)

Mechanization: The use of machinery in the production process

Mining: The process of extracting minerals from the ground

Mineral: a naturally occurring solid chemical substance such as bauxite. Most minerals need to be transformed to enable them to be used for manufacturing products


Fossil fuels: fuel that is formed by the decomposition of buried organic material, and exposure to heat and pressure, producing substances such as coal, oil and gas.

Industry: any economic activity that produces a service or transforms raw material into consumer goods.

Irrigated farming: is the artificial application of water to the land or soil.

Energy: power that comes from the utilization of physical or chemical resources to provide light and heat or to work machines.

Biomass: organic material used as a fuel that releases energy when burned

Management: the people that run a company and ensure that goods and services of a high enough quality are produced and sold at competitive prices.


Workforce:  the employees required to produce goods and services.

Wind turbine: a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy to drive machinery or generate electricity.

Solar panel:  is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure.


Renewable energy: is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human time-scale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.  

Non-renewable energy: is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames.

Traditional energy: refers to the energy sources that are most commonly used

Alternative energy: is any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel. These alternatives are intended to address concerns about such fossil fuels.

Dam: is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams.

Guild: is an association of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town. 

Heavy industry: does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to light industry. It can mean production of products which are either heavy in weight or in the processes leading to their production.

Light industry:  is usually less capital intensive than heavy industry, and is more consumer-oriented than business-oriented (most light industry products are produced for end users rather than as intermediates for use by other industries).

Cutting-edge industries: industries that employ advanced technology

Craftspersons: a person who makes products using basic tools and manual labour.

MY COMIC: THE CRAZY DINING ROOM

http://www.bitstripsforschools.com/classroom/Q09P/comics/NX02T/

BASKETBALL WARM_UP

GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHY (UNIT 7)

Plot: An area of land where crops are grown. It can vary in sixe, shape or borders

Soil: The subtance on the surface of the Earth in which plants grow, produced mainly by the weathering of rock.

Crop rotation: The practice of growing different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons. This method improves sil fertility and resistance to disease and pests

Intensive agriculture:  is an agricultural production system characterized by a low fallow ratio and the high use of inputs such as capital, labour, or heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers relative to land area.

Extensive agriculture: An agricultural system that uses small inputs of labour, fertilisers, and capital, relative to the area of land that is being farmed.

Dryland farming: Farming in which the fields receive only rainwater.

Irrigated farming: Farming in which the water from groundwater, reservoirs or rivers is brought to fields.

Polyculture:  is agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture. It includes multi-cropping, intercropping, companion planting, beneficial weeds, and alley cropping.

Monoculture:  is the agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop or plant species over a wide area and for a large number of consecutive years

Greenhouses:  is a building in which plants are grown

Subsistence agriculture: A type of agriculture in which farmers only grow enough food to feed themselves and their families.

Shifting cultivation:  is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned and allowed to revert to their natural vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot

Livestock farming: Farming bassed on rearing animals to obtain products.

Housed livestock: Livestock fed with fodder in farm buildings. This type of livestock must pass strict sanitary and quality controls

Cattle: are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates.

Fodder:  is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, goats, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs.

Rear: To care for, breed and grow animals until maturity.

Fishing grounds: An area of water that is used for fishing.

Aquaculture: is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants.

Overfishing:  is a form of overexploitation in which fish stocks are depleted to unacceptable levels, regardless of water body size.

Fleets: is an aggregate of commercial fishing vessels

School of fish: many fishes together

GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHY (UNIT 6)

Economic activity: the different processes involved in the production and consumption of goods and services

Economic agent: a person, group or institution involved in the economy

Goods: tangible economic products, such as food, that are usually consumed after production

Services: economic activities, such as banking or education, that are intangible

Production: an activity that provides goods and services for consumption. the production of goods combines natural resources, skills, financial investment and labour

Distribution: the marketing, delivery and sale of goods and services

Marketing: the act of researching, promoting and advertising a product or service in order to sell it

Consumption: the use of a product or service to satisfy needs or desires

Supply: availability of something of use or sale

Demand: the desire to own something in the market and the willingness to pay for it

Inflation: a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in the economy or a decrease in value of the purchasing power of money

Profit: the monetary gain of a business after all expenses have been met

Tax: a monetary contribution to the government requires of people, groups or business

Raw material: material on which a particular manufacturing process is carried out

Telecommuting: the use of home computers, telephones, etc, to enable a person to work from home while maintaining contact with colleagues, customers, or a central office

Employer: a person, business, firm, etc, that employs workers

Employee: a person who is hired to work for another or for a business, firm, etc, in return for payment

Self-employed: earning one's living in one's own business or through freelance work, rather than as the employee of another

Active population: people currently employed in the production of goods and services  and the people who are unemployed or looking for their first job

Inactive population: people not in active service

Disabled: lacking one or more physical powers, such as the ability to walk or to coordinate one's movements, as from the effects of a disease or accident, or through mental impairment

Retired: to give up or to cause (a person) to give up his work, a post, etc, esp on reaching pensionable age

Full-time contracts:  a person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his/her employer.

Part-time contracts: a form of employment that carries fewer hours per week than a full-time job.

MY IDEAL CITY

OUR E-MAIL; BY PABLO HONORATO AND CARLOS PÉREZ

Dear family Parkinson, we are very happy to welcome you in our house. We are looking forward to seeing you! We hope these days are going very fast.       

   

We have prepared a timetable with a lot of activities to do.

The first day, we are gonna pick you up to the airport. Then, we go to our welcome party at home. The party will end so late, so the first day we will be sleeping during all the morning to rest, for going to do puenting in the evening.

            
            The second day, we are going to go to a karting circuit. We will eat there a kebab, and in the evening, we would go to the cinema, for watching “The wolf of Wall Street”
            
            The third day, if all of you want, we can go to the Tormes river, to do kayaking.
            
            The fourth and fifth day, we are gonna go fishing to the Almendra Lake.

            

            The sixth day, we are going to the country for spending  there all the day.

            

            The seventh day, we can go to Salamanca for going around it, for visiting all the monuments.

            

            That’s all family! See you soon.

IDIOMS

To ask for the moon: to make unreasonable demands for things or to wish something impossible to achieve or to obtain 

Hold the fort: you take care of a place when the person normally in charge is away

Under the table: is a phase used to describe secretive behaviour often suggesting corruption or illegality

To horse around: like goof off

When someone has chickened out of something: they have failed to do something or they haven´t tried to do it because they were afraid 

When you say someone is a wise old owl you mean they are very experienced in life

A night owl is someone who stays up late into the night

When you say someone is in safe hands you mean they are being cared for someone who is confident and skilled

A safe pair of hands: is a similar expression it refers to someone who can be to do a good job avoiding mistakes

If someone tells you to hold your tongue it means they want you to stop talking because they don't like what you are saying

If a situation is black and white it means you have a clear opinion about it and you can easily see what you think is right and wrong

Money doesn't grow on trees: means you must not spent to much money as there is a limited amount of it

Money is not object: means that you have a lot of money available to spend

Let the chips fall where they may means to allow things to happen no matter what the consequences are

When you say something is as cheap as chips you mean it is very cheap

If you are chasing your tail you are very busy doing a lot of things but not achieving very much

GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHY (UNIT 5)

National sovereignty: the authority of a state to govern itself or anotherstate

Constitutional monarchy:  a system of government in which the king is the head of state but the parliament chooses the government. The government manages the politics of the state

The crown: the part of a constitutional monarchy represented by the king

Arbitrator: a person chosen to decide a dispute or settle differences. In a constitutional monarchy, the king is the arbitrator between governmental institutions

Decentralised government: a system of government in which decision-making is devolved to a local level and is therefore closer to the citizens

Motion of no confidence: a motion put by the Opposition censuring an aspect of the Government's policy

Ministers: government officials that, together with the president, make up the Spanish cabinet

Municipality: the most basic administrative body in the Spanish territory

Town council: the organization that governs each municipality in Spain

Mayor: This person with the councillors make up the town council

Councillors: These people with the mayor make up the town council and they choose the mayor

Province: an administrative body made up of several municipalities in the Spanish territory

Self-government: a system of government in which a community or region has authority to govern itself without the intervention of any other authority

Statue of autonomy:  a law describing the institutions, laws and responsibilities for each of the autonomous communities in the Spanish territory

Subsidiarity: the principle of devolving decisions to the lowest practical level so that services are closer to the citizens

Autonomous community: one of 17 regions that form part of the Spanish territory with its own devolved government

Exclusive authority: the local government has this authority over laws related to town planning, housing, monuments, healthcare and education

Share authority: the local government and the state has this authority over laws related to transport or the labour market

Post industrial society: a society in which the economy is has undergone a shift from production of goods to the provision of services

Well-being: the level of satisfaction of a population as measured by education levels, healthcare, life expectancy and consumption

Life expectancy: the number of years a person or population is expected to live

Illiteracy: a person who doesn't know to write and to read

Extended family: made up of grandparents, parents and children

Nuclear family: made up of parents and children

Single parent family: made up of a father or a mother and children

Same sex marriages:  two people of the same sex who live together as a family